The People’s Republic of China (PRC) achieved unprecedented economic growth between 1986 and 2005. One of the unintended consequences was severe environmental degradation, especially the pollution of water bodies. The government’s plans to contain water pollution had not kept pace with the rate of agricultural, industrial, and urban growth.
Maldives, a South Asian country of 1,190 islands grouped in 26 atolls and spread over 90,000 square kilometers in the Indian Ocean, graduated to middle-income status in 2011. After 30 years of presidency, it transitioned to a parliamentary democracy in 2005, and in 2008, had a new constitution ratified, paving the way for the first multi-party presidential elections.
Tropical Cyclone Winston, the second most powerful storm on record, after the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, struck Fiji on 20 February 2016. The cyclone killed 44 people and left a trail of destruction across large parts of the rural areas. Total damage and loss was estimated at $1.4 billion—equivalent to 27.6% of the country’s 2016 gross domestic product (GDP).
By implementing market-oriented reforms, Viet Nam achieved robust economic growth over an extended period. As a result, the country advanced from a narrow inward-looking economy to a rapidly growing lower-middle-income economy. In 2011, when the project was designed, it was entering a new phase in which past gains were to be consolidated and new challenges were to be addressed.
Viet Nam has made notable progress in reducing poverty and improving the health status of its citizens. Despite this, significant disparities in access to health services and health status continue to be observed across geographic regions and population subgroups.
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