Tonga lies about 2,000 kilometers (km) north of New Zealand and 3,500 km east of Australia. It consists of 171 islands, 48 of which are inhabited, and has a population of about 100,000. About 25% of the population lives in urban areas and 70% in Tongatapu, the site of the capital city, Nuku’alofa.
After having recorded consistent budget surpluses since 2010, the government’s fiscal position deteriorated to a balanced budget in 2015, followed by budget deficits during 2016 and 2017 due to reform slippage and a change in government priorities. Joint policy dialogue with development partners through the government-led Core Economic Working Group (CEWG) lapsed during this period.
At program appraisal, limited access to medium-term credit constrained the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kazakhstan. To help address the challenge, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a $500 million multitranche financing facility (MFF) for the Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Program, in September 2010.
During 2000−2010, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) experienced double-digit economic growth and equally rapid growth in energy demand. Primary energy demand grew more than 110%, with carbon-intensive coal as the dominant source.
In 2011, 27% of the rural population of Yunnan, a mountainous area located in the southwest of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), was living below the national poverty line. The large poverty pockets were linked to inadequate road access, limited arable land, and cultural barriers to outmigration.
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