Samoa’s narrow economy and limited resources create a difficult environment for business, and make the country highly vulnerable to global economic shocks. Frequent natural calamities exacerbate this vulnerability, as demonstrated by the cascade of negative impacts on the country’s economy by the global financial crisis in 2008, a tsunami in 2009, and Tropical Cyclone Evan in 2012.
The Philippines is an early leader in the move towards decentralized local governance and fiscal decentralization in Southeast Asia. As early as the 1970s, it explored various institutional and legal arrangements for central–local fiscal relations. In 1991, it passed the Local Government Code, providing an ambitious mandate for local governments to deliver public services.
The Rural Energy Project aimed to increase access to an economical and reliable energy supply of rural communities in selected provinces of Cambodia by expanding reliable grid electricity and improved cookstoves (ICS) supplies.
During project appraisal in 2010, Shandong was the second largest province in terms of industrial outputs in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Its energy supply depended heavily on fossil fuels—coal (71%) and oil (26%)—causing high levels of carbon emissions. Its industry sector consumed over three quarters of its total energy in 2009.
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