In 2009, Indonesia’s vertically integrated, state electricity company, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) had an ambitious plan to invest about $1.2 billion in the electricity distribution sector during 2010−2014 to reduce distribution losses and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. PLN intended a large part of this plan to be financed by loans from bilateral and multilateral partners.
Viet Nam’s rapid economic growth during 2000–2010 resulted in structural changes that transformed the country from being heavily dependent on agriculture to becoming more modern and industrialized. These changes in turn led to an increasing demand for a more educated and highly skilled workforce that meets the requirements of a rapidly growing economy.
Tuvalu, a fragile microstate and the smallest member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), has a small and narrowly based economy that is highly dependent on external sources of income and imports.
Just 2−4 years after it was severely hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the Indonesian economy began to steadily recover. Real gross domestic product growth rose from 0.8% in 1998 to 2%–3% during 2000–2002 and reached 5.5% in 2006. Wide−ranging finance sector reforms accounted for much of this recovery.
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