In 2009, Indonesia’s vertically integrated, state electricity company, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) had an ambitious plan to invest about $1.2 billion in the electricity distribution sector during 2010−2014 to reduce distribution losses and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. PLN intended a large part of this plan to be financed by loans from bilateral and multilateral partners.
Tuvalu, a fragile microstate and the smallest member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), has a small and narrowly based economy that is highly dependent on external sources of income and imports.
Thanh Hoa City is the capital and only major urban center of Viet Nam’s third largest but second poorest and second most populous province of Thanh Hoa. With a population of 200,000 in 2008, rising by 1.9% per year, it was one of the 11 class II secondary cities targeted by government for development to limit migration to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Kiribati is challenged by geographic isolation, limited human and financial resources, and a narrow economic base. It is extremely vulnerable to economic and natural disaster shocks due to its high exposure to climate change, severe import dependency, and heavy reliance on income from external sources.
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