Tuvalu, a fragile microstate and the smallest member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), has a small and narrowly based economy that is highly dependent on external sources of income and imports.
Just 2−4 years after it was severely hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the Indonesian economy began to steadily recover. Real gross domestic product growth rose from 0.8% in 1998 to 2%–3% during 2000–2002 and reached 5.5% in 2006. Wide−ranging finance sector reforms accounted for much of this recovery.
In pursuit of export-driven growth, the government of Papua New Guinea (PNG) established discrete rural enclaves, which generated local jobs and a cash economy, in contrast to their surroundings where people relied on subsistence farming. However, these enclaves also inadvertently fostered the exchange of goods and cash for sex among the mostly impoverished surrounding populations.
During the appraisal of this program, Palau’s water and sanitation sector was characterized by (i) an inadequate legal and regulatory framework, (ii) low tariffs and high consumption, (iii) fragmented management and service delivery responsibilities, (iv) inefficient operations and management, and (v) a projected water shortage due to excessive demand growth and high system losses.
Even before the 2007 global financial crisis, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India had already been burdened by numerous systemic constraints, including limited institutional credit, high-cost borrowing, weak marketing facilities, poor infrastructure, technological obsolescence, and a perception that they are high-risk enterprises.
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