At 24% in 2001, the urbanization level in Rajasthan in northwestern India was lower than the national average. However, slums were emerging fast and by then were already home to more than 20% of the urban population. The growth in slums and slum populations hastened the deterioration of the urban environment.
Underdeveloped infrastructure and poor domestic and international connectivity prevented Indonesia from achieving its growth potential. Furthermore, the pace of economic growth and job creation was insufficient to reverse the declining poverty reduction rate and widening rural-urban disparity as well as close the socioeconomic gap between the western and eastern regions.
The interior regions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have not benefited as much from economic growth and reforms as the east coast. In fact, the gap in economic and social development had been increasing in the years leading to the project appraisal in 2005. Inadequate transport infrastructure and high logistics costs were among the key constraints.
During 2005–2009, Indonesia’s overall infrastructure investment need was estimated at $65 billion, $16 billion of which was targeted to come from private sector investors.
Armenia is a landlocked country in the mountainous region of Caucasus between Asia and Europe. Following the recession triggered by the 2009 global financial crisis, its gross domestic product (GDP) contracted by 14.1%, the economy grew at an average 4.7% from 2010 to 2012 before declining to an average of 3.3% from 2013 to 2015.
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