Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kyrgyz Republic has made significant progress in adopting market-based reforms, with private sector development as the key engine of growth. Nevertheless, growth has occurred largely from natural resource exploitation and remittances-backed private consumption.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved the Road Network Improvement and Maintenance Project II for a loan of $126 million in November 2003 to help the government of Bangladesh achieve economic growth and poverty reduction.
The Philippines is an early leader in the move towards decentralized local governance and fiscal decentralization in Southeast Asia. As early as the 1970s, it explored various institutional and legal arrangements for central–local fiscal relations. In 1991, it passed the Local Government Code, providing an ambitious mandate for local governments to deliver public services.
During project appraisal in 2010, Shandong was the second largest province in terms of industrial outputs in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Its energy supply depended heavily on fossil fuels—coal (71%) and oil (26%)—causing high levels of carbon emissions. Its industry sector consumed over three quarters of its total energy in 2009.
The sharp fall in the global prices of hydrocarbons in 2016 resulted in a massive devaluation of manat, the local currency of Azerbaijan, whose economic growth is largely sustained by the exploration of large reserves of crude oil and natural gas.
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