The Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved the Road Network Improvement and Maintenance Project II for a loan of $126 million in November 2003 to help the government of Bangladesh achieve economic growth and poverty reduction.
Samoa’s narrow economy and limited resources create a difficult environment for business, and make the country highly vulnerable to global economic shocks. Frequent natural calamities exacerbate this vulnerability, as demonstrated by the cascade of negative impacts on the country’s economy by the global financial crisis in 2008, a tsunami in 2009, and Tropical Cyclone Evan in 2012.
Until the first half of this decade, Pakistan's public sector enterprises (PSEs) continued to have generally weak financial health and relied on significant regular fiscal transfers and sovereign credit guarantees to maintain their operations.
The Philippines is an early leader in the move towards decentralized local governance and fiscal decentralization in Southeast Asia. As early as the 1970s, it explored various institutional and legal arrangements for central–local fiscal relations. In 1991, it passed the Local Government Code, providing an ambitious mandate for local governments to deliver public services.
Several decades of preferential treatment, incentives, and subsidies failed to make the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Viet Nam competitive and efficient.
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