Because of lack of job opportunities in the rural areas and prolonged conflict, Nepal experienced rapid urbanization from internal migration. Rapid urbanization resulted in inadequate urban infrastructure and services, including intermittent drinking water supply, poor water quality, and poor sanitation.
In its state programs on poverty reduction and sustainable development for 2008–2015 and the socioeconomic development of the country’s regions for 2009–2013, the government of Azerbaijan committed to improving access to basic services.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the quality and efficiency of water supply and sanitation (WSS) in Azerbaijan deteriorated because of poor management, ageing infrastructure, and inadequate investment.
The Philippines is an early leader in the move towards decentralized local governance and fiscal decentralization in Southeast Asia. As early as the 1970s, it explored various institutional and legal arrangements for central–local fiscal relations. In 1991, it passed the Local Government Code, providing an ambitious mandate for local governments to deliver public services.
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