Until the first half of this decade, Pakistan's public sector enterprises (PSEs) continued to have generally weak financial health and relied on significant regular fiscal transfers and sovereign credit guarantees to maintain their operations.
The Philippines is an early leader in the move towards decentralized local governance and fiscal decentralization in Southeast Asia. As early as the 1970s, it explored various institutional and legal arrangements for central–local fiscal relations. In 1991, it passed the Local Government Code, providing an ambitious mandate for local governments to deliver public services.
The Rural Energy Project aimed to increase access to an economical and reliable energy supply of rural communities in selected provinces of Cambodia by expanding reliable grid electricity and improved cookstoves (ICS) supplies.
Several decades of preferential treatment, incentives, and subsidies failed to make the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Viet Nam competitive and efficient.
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