Even before the 2007 global financial crisis, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India had already been burdened by numerous systemic constraints, including limited institutional credit, high-cost borrowing, weak marketing facilities, poor infrastructure, technological obsolescence, and a perception that they are high-risk enterprises.
At around project appraisal in 2006, Bangladesh had a total of about 140 million people, a quarter of whom lived in urban areas. While overall population was growing at 1.4% per year, urban population increased at 2.5% or nearly twice the national rate. Uncontrolled urbanization and rural-to-urban migration was creating heavy and largely unabated demands on the country’s urban infrastructure.
The Eastern and North Central Provinces of Sri Lanka were adversely affected by the prolonged internal armed conflict in the country, which ceased in May 2009.
In 2010, the worst floods in Pakistan’s history affected 100,000 square kilometers of land and 20 million people. They impacted more than one-tenth of the country’s population and caused about 1,800 deaths. Basic transport and irrigation facilities were badly damaged in 80 of the country’s 110 districts.
In 1998, the government of India launched the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) to upgrade key arteries of the national highways network and relieve the system’s chronic capacity constraints that had long been adversely affecting the economy.
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