Agriculture has always been an important sector of India’s economy. In 2009, it contributed 16% of the country’s gross domestic product, and in 2010, employed 53% of its workforce. Over a decade before project appraisal in 2010, however, sector performance had been below government targets due to lack of infrastructure, weak backward-forward linkages, and inadequate production capital.
Shanxi province is situated in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the eastern part of the Loess Plateau in northern People’s Republic of China (PRC). At project appraisal, it had only about 3.8 million hectares of dependable arable land, of modest quality and productivity, for its 23 million rural population.
In August 2008, a massive flood on the Koshi River in Nepal breached its east embankment, damaging a vast area of farmlands and standing crops in the Sunsari district in the eastern region. Less than a month later, incessant heavy rains caused severe landslides and flooding, ravaging the Kailali and Kanchanpur districts in the far western region.
Indonesia’s poor people declined from 32.53 million in March 2009 to 31.02 million in March 2010. Nevertheless, rural poverty remained high, partly because of continuing limited access to basic services and poor transport. In the urban areas where about half of the country’s 250 million people lived, only about 1% of had access to sewerage.
Many cities and industrial centers in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are on or near major rivers, which puts a high proportion of the country's economic activity at risk from periodic floods. Major flooding and the poor drainage that contributes to it constitute the most common and severe form of natural hazard in the PRC.
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