Kiribati is challenged by geographic isolation, limited human and financial resources, and a narrow economic base. It is extremely vulnerable to economic and natural disaster shocks due to its high exposure to climate change, severe import dependency, and heavy reliance on income from external sources.
Samoa, a small and remote Pacific island country, is particularly vulnerable to economic and natural disaster shocks. In 2008−2009, it suffered severely from these shocks as, following the global economic crisis that caused its tourism, manufacturing, and agriculture receipts to fall, a tsunami hit the country.
Until 2009, the small, remote state of Mizoram in India’s northeast region, had a weak economic base and poor infrastructure. Improving this condition was contingent on several factors, not the least of which was a strong fiscal position of the state. Due to substantial grants from the central government, Mizoram attained a revenue surplus during most of 2003−2009.
The enactment of the Local Government Code (LGC) in 1991, which provided a comprehensive framework for local autonomy and decentralization, ushered in the widespread and systematic pursuit of local government reforms in the Philippines.
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