Nomadic and rural Mongolia has experienced rapid urbanization since 1950, which accelerated during the transition from central planning to a market-based economy in the early 1990s. A series of harsh winters or dzuds resulted in large numbers of livestock deaths, damaging herders’ livelihoods.
In June 1997, a presidential decree in Georgia created the Municipal Development Fund (MDF) to enable municipal governments to take out soft loans and grants for municipal infrastructure investments. Since then, the MDF has enjoyed the support of many international development agencies, including the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that provided its first loan for Georgia’s Municipal Services Dev
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